Did football players avoid physical interaction in the games after covid-19?
Resumo
A COVID-19 tem afetado todos os componentes das nossas rotinas diárias desde dezembro de 2019. Uma das indústrias afetadas pelas medidas de prevenção à COVID-19 foi o futebol. A maioria das ligas pararam temporariamente e depois recomeçaram sem espectadores, o que causou perdas económicas importantes nesta indústria. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se os jogadores evitavam interações físicas com os seus adversários após o reinício das ligas. Os dados abrangeram 6 ligas de futebol europeias com 5689 partidas das temporadas de 2018-2021. Os parâmetros examinados no estudo foram faltas, desafio, desafio aéreo, carga de ombro, número de recepções de posse de bola, tempo de posse de bola e tempo médio de posse de bola. Os resultados mostraram que os jogadores poderão ter evitado interações físicas para se protegerem de um possível contágio. É necessário proporcionar maiores condições de higiene e também estudos de consciencialização para evitar possíveis efeitos negativos da COVID-19 na indústria do futebol.
Referências
-Arntzen, H.; Hvattum, L. M. Predicting match outcomes in association football using team ratings and player ratings. 2020. Statistical Modelling, 1471082X2092988. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471082X20929881
-Azevedo, A. M.; Petiot, G. H.; Clemente, F. M.; Nakamura, F. Y.; Aquino, R. Home training recommendations for soccer players during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/ycwvj
-Beaudouin, F.; Aus der Fünten, K.; Tröß, T.; Reinsberger, C.; Meyer, T. Head injuries in professional male football (soccer) over 13 years: 29% lower incidence rates after a rule change (red card). British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 53. Núm. 15. 948-952. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097217
-Bisciotti, G. N.; Eirale, C.; Corsini, A.; Baudot, C.; Saillant, G.; Chalabi, H. Return to football training and competition after lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: Medical recommendations. In Biology of Sport. Vol. 37. Núm. 3. p. 313-319. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.96652
-Castellano, J.; Casamichana, D.; Lago, C. The use of match statistics that discriminate between successful and unsuccessful soccer teams. Journal of Human Kinetics. Vol. 31. Núm. 1. p. 139-147. 2012. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0015-7
-Corsini, A.; Bisciotti, G. N.; Eirale, C.; Volpi, P. Football cannot restart soon during the COVID-19 emergency! A critical perspective from the Italian experience and a call for action. In British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 54. Núm. 20. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102306
-Egger, F.; Faude, O.; Schreiber, S.; Gärtner, B. C.; Meyer, T. Does playing football (soccer) lead to SARS-CoV-2 transmission? - A case study of 3 matches with 18 infected football players. Science and Medicine in Football. p.1-6. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1895442
-Facer-Childs, E. R.; Hoffman, D.; Tran, J. N.; Drummond, S. P. A.; Rajaratnam, S. M. W. Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa261
-Fuller, C. W.; Smith, G. L.; Junge, A.; Dvorak, J. The Influence of Tackle Parameters on the Propensity for Injury in International Football. American Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 32. SUPPL. 1. p.43-53. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503261248
-Garganta, J. Trends of tactical performance analysis in team sports: bridging the gap between research, training and competition. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Vol. 9. Núm. 1. p.81-89. 2009. https://doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.09.01.81
-Goes, F. R.; Meerhoff, L. A.; Bueno, M. J. O.; Rodrigues, D. M.; Moura, F. A.; Brink, M. S.; Elferink-Gemser, M. T.; Knobbe, A. J.; Cunha, S. A.; Torres, R. S.; Lemmink, K. A. P. M. Unlocking the potential of big data to support tactical performance analysis in professional soccer: A systematic review. In European Journal of Sport Science. p. 1-16. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1747552
-Grazioli, R.; Loturco, I.; Baroni, B. M.; Oliveira, G. S.; Saciura, V.; Vanoni, E.; Dias, R.; Veeck, F.; Pinto, R. S.; Cadore, E. L. Coronavirus Disease-19 Quarantine Is More Detrimental Than Traditional Off-Season on Physical Conditioning of Professional Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Vol. 34. Núm. 12. p.3316-3320. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003890
-Hughes, M. D.; Bartlett, R. M. The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. In Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 20. Núm. 10. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675602
Instat. (n.d.).
-Jones, P. D.; James, N.; Mellalieu, S. D. Possession as a performance indicator in soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. Vol. 4. Núm. 1. p. 98-102. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868295
-Jukic, I.; Calleja-González, J.; Cos, F.; Cuzzolin, F.; Olmo, J.; Terrados, N.; Njaradi, N.; Sassi, R.; Requena, B.; Milanovic, L.; Krakan, I.; Chatzichristos, K.; Alcaraz, P. E. Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports. Vol. 8. Núm. 4. p.56. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040056
-Kubayi, A.; Toriola, A. Match Performance Indicators that Discriminated between Winning, Drawing and Losing Teams in the 2017 AFCON Soccer Championship. Journal of Human Kinetics. Vol. 72. Núm. 1. p.215-221. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0108
-Lago-Ballesteros, J.; Lago-Peñas, C. Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in Soccer. In Journal of Human Kinetics. Vol. 25. 2010. http://www.johk.awf.katowice.pl
-Lago-Peñas, C. The role of situational variables in analysing physical performance in soccer. Journal of Human Kinetics. Vol. 35. Núm. 1. p. 89-95. 2012. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0082-9
-Lago-Peñas, C.; Lago-Ballesteros, J.; Dellal, A.; Gómez, M. Game-related statistics that discriminated winning, drawing and losing teams from the Spanish soccer league. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. Vol. 9. Núm. 2. p. 288-293. 2010.
-Lago, C.; Martín, R. Determinants of possession of the ball in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 25. Núm. 9. p.969-974. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600944626
-Li, Y.; Ma, R.; Gonçalves, B.; Gong, B.; Cui, Y.; Shen, Y. Data-driven team ranking and match performance analysis in Chinese Football Super League. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. Vol. 141. 110330. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110330
-Liu, G.; Luo, Y.; Schulte, O.; Kharrat, T. Deep soccer analytics: learning an action-value function for evaluating soccer players. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Vol. 34. Núm. 5. p.1531-1559. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-020-00705-9
-Liu, H.; Gomez, M.-Á.; Lago-Peñas, C.; Sampaio, J. Match statistics related to winning in the group stage of 2014 Brazil FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 33. Núm. 12. p. 1205-1213. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022578
-Liu, H.; Yi, Q.; Giménez, J. V.; Gómez, M. A.; Lago-Peñas, C. Performance profiles of football teams in the UEFA champions league considering situational efficiency. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. Vol. 15. Núm. 1. p.371-390. 2015.https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868799
-Matheson, N. J.; Lehner, P. J. How does SARS-CoV-2 cause COVID-19? In Science. Vol. 369. Núm. 6503. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6156
-Meyer, T.; Mack, D.; Donde, K.; Harzer, O.; Krutsch, W.; Rössler, A.; Kimpel, J.; Von Laer, D.; Gärtner, B. C. Successful return to professional men’s football (soccer) competition after the COVID-19 shutdown: A cohort study in the German Bundesliga. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 55. Núm. 1. p. 62-66. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103150
-Mohr, M.; Nassis, G. P.; Brito, J.; Randers, M. B.; Castagna, C.; Parnell, D.; Krustrup, P. (2020). Return to elite football after the COVID-19 lockdown. Managing Sport and Leisure. p. 1-9. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1768635
-Mon-López, D.; García-Aliaga, A.; Ginés Bartolomé, A.; Muriarte Solana, D. How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players? Physiology and Behavior. Vol. 227. p.113148. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113148
-Mota, G. R.; Santos, I. A.; Marocolo, M. Change in Soccer Substitutions Rule Due to COVID-19: Why Only Five Substitutions? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. Vol. 2. 588369. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.588369
-Pantzalis, V. C.; Tjortjis, C. Sports Analytics for Football League Table and Player Performance Prediction. 11th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications, IISA 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA50023.2020.9284352
-Primorac, D.; Matišić, V.; Molnar, V.; Bahtijarević, Z.; Polašek, O. Pre-season football preparation in the era of COVID-19: Croatian football association model. Journal of Global Health. Vol. 10. Núm. 1. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.10.010352
-Rahnama, N.; Reilly, T.; Lees, A. Injury risk associated with playing actions during competitive soccer. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 36. Núm. 5.p. 354-359. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.5.354
-Ruiz-Lozano, R. E.; Cardenas-De La Garza, J. A.; Ibarra-Nava, I.; Garza-Garza, L. A.; Hernández-Camarena, J. C. The role of football as a super-spreading event in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Vol. 60. Núm. 10. p. 1407-1409. 2020. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11267-2
-Santana, H. A. P.; Bettega, O. B.; Dellagrana, R. A. An analysis of Bundesliga matches before and after social distancing by COVID-19. Science and Medicine in Football. p.1-5. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1903540
-Saritha, M.; Milton, R. S. A probabilistic logic approach to outcome prediction in team games using historical data and domain knowledge. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. Vol. 1. Núm. 3. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-01989-x
-Souza, D. B.; González-García, J.; Campo, R. L. D.; Resta, R.; Buldú, J. M.; Wilk, M.; Coso, J. Del. Players’ physical performance in LaLiga across the season: Insights for competition continuation after COVID-19. Biology of Sport. Vol. 38. Núm. 1. p.3-7. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2020.96856
-Sors, F.; Grassi, M.; Agostini, T. Murgia, M. The sound of silence in association football: Home advantage and referee bias decrease in matches played without spectators. European Journal of Sport Science. p. 1-9. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1845814
-Stübinger, J.; Mangold, B.; Knoll, J. Machine learning in football betting: Prediction of match results based on player characteristics. Applied Sciences. Vol. 10. Núm. 1. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010046
-Stutzig, N.; Zimmermann, B.; Büsch, D.; Siebert, T. (2015). Analysis of game variables to predict scoring and performance levels in elite men’s volleyball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. Vol. 15. Núm. 3. p. 816-829. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868833
-Wunderlich, F.; Weigelt, M.; Rein, R.; Memmert, D. How does spectator presence affect football? Home advantage remains in European top-class football matches played without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Plos one. Vol. 16. Núm. 3). p.e0248590. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248590
Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Tugbay inan, Levent Cavas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam neste periódico concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem ao periódico o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC que permitindo o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial neste periódico.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada neste periódico (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citaçõo do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
