Importância da gestão de impressão dos árbitros: um estudo qualitativo
Resumo
Os árbitros são as principais partes interessadas em qualquer jogo, pois seu papel é manter a justiça e a justiça intactas no jogo, mas apesar de todo o esforço e contribuições, os árbitros geralmente enfrentam críticas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é discutir a perspectiva de boas qualidades dos árbitros juntamente com o gerenciamento de impressão para que os árbitros passem melhor sua impressão em público. O estudo adotou uma abordagem qualitativa e questionou 19 árbitros de cinco esportes diferentes (ou seja, futebol, críquete, basquete, vôlei e handebol) e quatro países diferentes (ou seja, Sérvia, Turquia, Paquistão e Itália sobre sua percepção da importância de gerenciamento de impressão e se uma melhor imagem entre o público pode ajudá-los e sua tomada de decisão.O estudo identificou três temas: as qualidades de um bom árbitro, gerenciamento de impressão para árbitros e estratégias que podem ajudar os árbitros a gerenciar melhor sua impressão. Estratégias foram identificadas, incluindo preparação pré-jogo, branding, desculpas públicas, habilidades de comunicação e uma mente clara.
Referências
-Agyemang, K. J. A.; Williams, A. S. Creating revenue via organisational “Brandpression” management (OBpM): A marriage of brand management and impression management in professional sport. International Journal of Revenue Management. Vol. 7. Num. 2. 2013. p. 171-181.
-Agyemang, K. J. A.; Williams, A. S. Managing celebrity via impression management on social network sites: An exploratory study of NBA celebrity athletes. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Vol. 6. Num. 4. 2016. p. 440-459.
-Anders, A.; Rotthoff, K. Is home-field advantage driven by the fans? Evidence from across the ocean. Applied Economics Letters. Vol. 21. Num. 16. 2014. p. 1-9.
-Aragão e Pina, J.; Passos, A.; Carvalho, H.; Maynard, T. To be or not to be an excellent football referee: Different experts’ viewpoints. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 37. Núm. 6. 2019. p. 692-700.
-Areni, C. Home advantage, rivalry, and referee bias in representative rugby. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Vol. 4. Num. 2. 2014. p. 142-157.
-Bolino, M. C.; Kacmar, K. M.; Turnley, W. H.; Gilstrap, J. B. A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management. Vol. 34. Num. 6. 2008. p. 1080-1109.
-Brimberg, J.; Hurley, W. Are National Hockey League referees Markov? OR Insight. Vol. 22. Num. 4. 2009. p. 234-243.
-Butler, R.; Butler, D. Fergie time and the allocation of additional time: Evidence from the English Premier League 2009 to 2013. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 12. Num. 3. 2017. p. 185-203.
-Campbell, J.; Quincy, C.; Osserman, J.; Pedersen, O. Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research. Vol. 42. Num. 3. 2013. p. 294-320.
-Carey, J.; Morgan, M.; Oxtoby, M. Intercoder agreement in analysis of responses to open-ended interview questions: Examples from tuberculosis research. Cultural Anthropology Methods. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 1996. p. 1-5.
-Charmaz, K. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications. 2006.
-Cleland, J.; O’Gorman, J.; Webb, T. Respect? An investigation into the experience of referees in association football. The International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Vol. 53. Num. 8. 2018. p. 960-974.
-Corbin, J.; Strauss, A. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. 2008.
-Dawson, P.; Dobson, S. The influence of social pressure and nationality on individual decisions: Evidence from the behaviour of referees. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 31. Num. 2. 2010. p. 181-191.
-Gale, N.; Heath, G.; Cameron, E.; Rashid, S.; Redwood, S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology. Vol. 13. Num. 117. 2013. p. 1-8.
-Gallo, E., Grund, T.; Reade, J. Punishing the foreigner: Implicit discrimination in the Premier League based on oppositional identity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 75. Num. 1. 2013. p. 136-156.
-Garicano, L.; Palacios-Huerta, I.; Prendergast, C. (). Favoritism under social pressure. The Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 87. Num. 2. 2005. p. 208-216.
-Hasaan, A.; Kerem, K. Establishing athlete brand among female Pakistani fans. PODIUM Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review. Vol. 6. Num. 4. 2017. p. 333-351.
-Hasaan, A.; Kerem, K.; Biscaia, R.; Agyemang, K. J. A. A conceptual framework to understand the creation of athlete brand and its implications. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. Vol. 18. Num. 3. 2018. p. 169-198.
-Hasaan, A.; Nawaz, S.; Iqbal, S. J.; Khalid, J. (). Challenges that make/break the athlete’s quest to become an entrepreneur: A qualitative study about fans’ perceptions. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research. Vol. 79. Num. 1. 2018. p. 53-61.
-Hlasny, V.; Kolaric, S. Catch me if you can: Referee–team relationships and disciplinary cautions in football. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 18. Num. 6. 2017. p. 1-32.
-Hornsey, M.; Wohl, M.; Harris, E.; Okimoto, T.; Thai, M.; Wenzel, M. Embodied remorse: Physical displays of remorse increase positive responses to public apologies, but have negligible effects on forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 119. Num. 2. 2020. p. 367-389.
-Isidori, E.; Müller, A.; Kaya, S. The referee as educator: Hermeneutical and pedagogical perspectives. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. Vol. 56. Num. 1. 2012. p. 5-11.
-Karacam, A.; Adiguzel, N. Examining the relationship between referee performance and self-efficacy. European Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 8. Num. 1. 2019. p. 377-382.
-Kuckartz, U. Mixed methods: Methodology, research designs and methods of data analysis. Marburg: Springer. 2014.
-Kvale, S. Doing interviews. London: SAGE Publications. 2007.
-Lane, A.; Nevill, A.; Ahmad, N.; Balmer, N. Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’ Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. Vol. 5. Num. 2. 2006. p. 243-253.
-Leicht, A. Cardiovascular stress on an elite basketball referee during national competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 38. Num. 10. 2004. p. 1-2.
-Lopez, M.; Snyder, K. Biased impartiality among national hockey league referees. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 2013. p. 208-223.
-Mack, N.; Woodsong, C.; Macqueen, K.; Guest, G.; Namey, E. Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. North Carolina: Family Health International. 2005.
-Malone, E. (2001, October 2). Even when a referee is right, he’s wrong. Retrieved from https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/even-when-a-referee-is-right-he-s-wrong-1.330084
-Marshall, C.; Rossman, G. B. Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 2014.
-Mascarenahs, D.; Collins, D.; Mortimer, P. Elite refereeing performance: Developing a model for sport science support. The Sport Psychologist. Vol. 19. 4. 2005. p. 364-379.
-McGarry, T.; Anderson, D.; Wallace, S.; Hughes, M.; Frank, I. Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 20. 10. 2002. p. 771-781.
-McTavish, D.; Loether, H. Social research: An evolving process. Noida: Pearson Education. 2015.
-Morillo, J.; Reigal, R.; Hernández-Mendo, M.; Montaña, A.; Morales-Sánchez, V. Decision-making by handball referees: Design of an ad hoc observation instrument and polar coordinate analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 8. Num. 1842. 2017. p. 1-9.
-Morris, G.; O’Connor, D. Key attributes of expert NRL referees. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 35. Num. 9. 2017. p. 852-857.
-Page, K.; Page, L. Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees’ ability to cope under pressure. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 31. Num. 2. 2010. p. 192-199.
-Patton, M. Q. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. 2002.
-Prapavessis, H.; Grove, J. R.; Eklund, R. C. Self-presentational issues in competition and sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Vol. 16. Num. 1. 2004. 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260035
-Price, J.; Wolfers, J. Racial discrimination among NBA referees (No. Working Paper 13206). Cambridge, MA. 2007.
-Rindova, V. P.; Pollock, T. G.; Hayward, M. L. A. Celebrity firms: The social construction of market popularity. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 31. Num. 1. 2006. p. 50-71.
-Rojek, C. Celebrity. London: Reaktion Books. 2001.
-Samuel, R. A psychological preparation framework for elite soccer referees: A practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. Vol. 6. Num. 3. 2015. p. 170-187.
-Scoppa, V. Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empirical Economics. Vol. 35. Num. 1. 2008. p. 123-140.
-Simmons, P. Communicative displays as fairness heuristics. Australian Journal of Communication. Vol. 37. Num. 1. 2010. p. 75-94.
-Smith, B.; Lord, J. Bracketed morality and ethical ideologies of sport fans. Sport in Society. Vol. 21. Num. 9. 2018. p. 1279-1301.
-St. James, M. Female sports celebrities targeting female teenagers: A content analysis of magazine advertising. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER). Vol. 8. Num. 1. 2010. p. 1-13.
-Suri, H. Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal. Vol. 11. Num. 2. 2011. p. 3-75.
-Thatcher, J. Stress, challenge, and impression management among sports officials. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review. Vol. 1. Num. 1. 2005. p. 26-35.
-Tsorbatzoudis, H.; Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A.; Partemian, S.; Grouios, G.Sources of stress among Greek team handball referees: Construction and validation of the handball officials’ sources of stress survey. Perceptual and Motor Skills. Vol. 100. Num. 3 Pt 1. 2005. p. 821-830.
-Unkelbach, C.; Memmert, D. Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. Vol. 32. Num. 4. 2010. p. 483-498.
-Van der Meij, L.; Klauke, F.; Moore, H.; Ludwig, Y.; Almela, M.; van Lange, P. Football fan aggression: The importance of low basal cortisol and a fair referee. PLoS ONE. Vol. 10. Num. 4. 2015. p. 1-14.
-Warner, S.; Tingle, J.; Kellett, P. Officiating attrition: Considering the experiences of referees from a sport development perspective. Journal of Sport Management. Vol. 27. Num. 4. 2013. p. 316-328.
-Webb, T.; Rayner, M.; Thelwell, R. An explorative investigation of referee abuse in English Rugby League. Journal of Applied Sport Management. Vol. 10. Num. 2. 2018. p. 14-25.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mücahit Fişne, Ali Hasaan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam neste periódico concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem ao periódico o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC que permitindo o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial neste periódico.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada neste periódico (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citaçõo do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).