Importanza della gestione delle impressioni degli arbitri: uno studio qualitativo
Abstract
Gli arbitri sono le principali parti interessate in qualsiasi gioco poiché il loro ruolo è quello di mantenere intatte l'equità e l'equità nel gioco, ma nonostante tutti i loro sforzi e contributi, gli arbitri spesso affrontano critiche. Pertanto, lo scopo di questo studio è di discutere la prospettiva delle buone qualità degli arbitri insieme alla gestione delle impressioni in modo che gli arbitri possano trasmettere meglio la loro impressione in pubblico. Lo studio ha adottato un approccio qualitativo e ha interrogato 19 arbitri di cinque diversi sport (ad esempio calcio, cricket, basket, pallavolo e pallamano) e quattro diversi paesi (ad esempio Serbia, Turchia, Pakistan e Italia sulla loro percezione dell'importanza della gestione e se un una migliore immagine tra il pubblico può aiutare loro e il loro processo decisionale.Lo studio ha identificato tre temi: le qualità di un buon arbitro, la gestione delle impressioni per gli arbitri e le strategie che possono aiutare gli arbitri a gestire meglio la loro impressione Sono state identificate strategie, inclusa la preparazione pre-partita, branding, scuse pubbliche, capacità di comunicazione e una mente lucida.
Riferimenti bibliografici
-Agyemang, K. J. A.; Williams, A. S. Creating revenue via organisational “Brandpression” management (OBpM): A marriage of brand management and impression management in professional sport. International Journal of Revenue Management. Vol. 7. Num. 2. 2013. p. 171-181.
-Agyemang, K. J. A.; Williams, A. S. Managing celebrity via impression management on social network sites: An exploratory study of NBA celebrity athletes. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Vol. 6. Num. 4. 2016. p. 440-459.
-Anders, A.; Rotthoff, K. Is home-field advantage driven by the fans? Evidence from across the ocean. Applied Economics Letters. Vol. 21. Num. 16. 2014. p. 1-9.
-Aragão e Pina, J.; Passos, A.; Carvalho, H.; Maynard, T. To be or not to be an excellent football referee: Different experts’ viewpoints. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 37. Núm. 6. 2019. p. 692-700.
-Areni, C. Home advantage, rivalry, and referee bias in representative rugby. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Vol. 4. Num. 2. 2014. p. 142-157.
-Bolino, M. C.; Kacmar, K. M.; Turnley, W. H.; Gilstrap, J. B. A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management. Vol. 34. Num. 6. 2008. p. 1080-1109.
-Brimberg, J.; Hurley, W. Are National Hockey League referees Markov? OR Insight. Vol. 22. Num. 4. 2009. p. 234-243.
-Butler, R.; Butler, D. Fergie time and the allocation of additional time: Evidence from the English Premier League 2009 to 2013. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 12. Num. 3. 2017. p. 185-203.
-Campbell, J.; Quincy, C.; Osserman, J.; Pedersen, O. Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research. Vol. 42. Num. 3. 2013. p. 294-320.
-Carey, J.; Morgan, M.; Oxtoby, M. Intercoder agreement in analysis of responses to open-ended interview questions: Examples from tuberculosis research. Cultural Anthropology Methods. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 1996. p. 1-5.
-Charmaz, K. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications. 2006.
-Cleland, J.; O’Gorman, J.; Webb, T. Respect? An investigation into the experience of referees in association football. The International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Vol. 53. Num. 8. 2018. p. 960-974.
-Corbin, J.; Strauss, A. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. 2008.
-Dawson, P.; Dobson, S. The influence of social pressure and nationality on individual decisions: Evidence from the behaviour of referees. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 31. Num. 2. 2010. p. 181-191.
-Gale, N.; Heath, G.; Cameron, E.; Rashid, S.; Redwood, S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology. Vol. 13. Num. 117. 2013. p. 1-8.
-Gallo, E., Grund, T.; Reade, J. Punishing the foreigner: Implicit discrimination in the Premier League based on oppositional identity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 75. Num. 1. 2013. p. 136-156.
-Garicano, L.; Palacios-Huerta, I.; Prendergast, C. (). Favoritism under social pressure. The Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 87. Num. 2. 2005. p. 208-216.
-Hasaan, A.; Kerem, K. Establishing athlete brand among female Pakistani fans. PODIUM Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review. Vol. 6. Num. 4. 2017. p. 333-351.
-Hasaan, A.; Kerem, K.; Biscaia, R.; Agyemang, K. J. A. A conceptual framework to understand the creation of athlete brand and its implications. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. Vol. 18. Num. 3. 2018. p. 169-198.
-Hasaan, A.; Nawaz, S.; Iqbal, S. J.; Khalid, J. (). Challenges that make/break the athlete’s quest to become an entrepreneur: A qualitative study about fans’ perceptions. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research. Vol. 79. Num. 1. 2018. p. 53-61.
-Hlasny, V.; Kolaric, S. Catch me if you can: Referee–team relationships and disciplinary cautions in football. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 18. Num. 6. 2017. p. 1-32.
-Hornsey, M.; Wohl, M.; Harris, E.; Okimoto, T.; Thai, M.; Wenzel, M. Embodied remorse: Physical displays of remorse increase positive responses to public apologies, but have negligible effects on forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 119. Num. 2. 2020. p. 367-389.
-Isidori, E.; Müller, A.; Kaya, S. The referee as educator: Hermeneutical and pedagogical perspectives. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. Vol. 56. Num. 1. 2012. p. 5-11.
-Karacam, A.; Adiguzel, N. Examining the relationship between referee performance and self-efficacy. European Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 8. Num. 1. 2019. p. 377-382.
-Kuckartz, U. Mixed methods: Methodology, research designs and methods of data analysis. Marburg: Springer. 2014.
-Kvale, S. Doing interviews. London: SAGE Publications. 2007.
-Lane, A.; Nevill, A.; Ahmad, N.; Balmer, N. Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’ Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. Vol. 5. Num. 2. 2006. p. 243-253.
-Leicht, A. Cardiovascular stress on an elite basketball referee during national competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 38. Num. 10. 2004. p. 1-2.
-Lopez, M.; Snyder, K. Biased impartiality among national hockey league referees. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 2013. p. 208-223.
-Mack, N.; Woodsong, C.; Macqueen, K.; Guest, G.; Namey, E. Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. North Carolina: Family Health International. 2005.
-Malone, E. (2001, October 2). Even when a referee is right, he’s wrong. Retrieved from https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/even-when-a-referee-is-right-he-s-wrong-1.330084
-Marshall, C.; Rossman, G. B. Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 2014.
-Mascarenahs, D.; Collins, D.; Mortimer, P. Elite refereeing performance: Developing a model for sport science support. The Sport Psychologist. Vol. 19. 4. 2005. p. 364-379.
-McGarry, T.; Anderson, D.; Wallace, S.; Hughes, M.; Frank, I. Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 20. 10. 2002. p. 771-781.
-McTavish, D.; Loether, H. Social research: An evolving process. Noida: Pearson Education. 2015.
-Morillo, J.; Reigal, R.; Hernández-Mendo, M.; Montaña, A.; Morales-Sánchez, V. Decision-making by handball referees: Design of an ad hoc observation instrument and polar coordinate analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 8. Num. 1842. 2017. p. 1-9.
-Morris, G.; O’Connor, D. Key attributes of expert NRL referees. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 35. Num. 9. 2017. p. 852-857.
-Page, K.; Page, L. Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees’ ability to cope under pressure. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 31. Num. 2. 2010. p. 192-199.
-Patton, M. Q. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. 2002.
-Prapavessis, H.; Grove, J. R.; Eklund, R. C. Self-presentational issues in competition and sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Vol. 16. Num. 1. 2004. 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260035
-Price, J.; Wolfers, J. Racial discrimination among NBA referees (No. Working Paper 13206). Cambridge, MA. 2007.
-Rindova, V. P.; Pollock, T. G.; Hayward, M. L. A. Celebrity firms: The social construction of market popularity. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 31. Num. 1. 2006. p. 50-71.
-Rojek, C. Celebrity. London: Reaktion Books. 2001.
-Samuel, R. A psychological preparation framework for elite soccer referees: A practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. Vol. 6. Num. 3. 2015. p. 170-187.
-Scoppa, V. Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empirical Economics. Vol. 35. Num. 1. 2008. p. 123-140.
-Simmons, P. Communicative displays as fairness heuristics. Australian Journal of Communication. Vol. 37. Num. 1. 2010. p. 75-94.
-Smith, B.; Lord, J. Bracketed morality and ethical ideologies of sport fans. Sport in Society. Vol. 21. Num. 9. 2018. p. 1279-1301.
-St. James, M. Female sports celebrities targeting female teenagers: A content analysis of magazine advertising. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER). Vol. 8. Num. 1. 2010. p. 1-13.
-Suri, H. Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal. Vol. 11. Num. 2. 2011. p. 3-75.
-Thatcher, J. Stress, challenge, and impression management among sports officials. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review. Vol. 1. Num. 1. 2005. p. 26-35.
-Tsorbatzoudis, H.; Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A.; Partemian, S.; Grouios, G.Sources of stress among Greek team handball referees: Construction and validation of the handball officials’ sources of stress survey. Perceptual and Motor Skills. Vol. 100. Num. 3 Pt 1. 2005. p. 821-830.
-Unkelbach, C.; Memmert, D. Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. Vol. 32. Num. 4. 2010. p. 483-498.
-Van der Meij, L.; Klauke, F.; Moore, H.; Ludwig, Y.; Almela, M.; van Lange, P. Football fan aggression: The importance of low basal cortisol and a fair referee. PLoS ONE. Vol. 10. Num. 4. 2015. p. 1-14.
-Warner, S.; Tingle, J.; Kellett, P. Officiating attrition: Considering the experiences of referees from a sport development perspective. Journal of Sport Management. Vol. 27. Num. 4. 2013. p. 316-328.
-Webb, T.; Rayner, M.; Thelwell, R. An explorative investigation of referee abuse in English Rugby League. Journal of Applied Sport Management. Vol. 10. Num. 2. 2018. p. 14-25.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mücahit Fişne, Ali Hasaan
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale 4.0 Internazionale.
Gli autori che pubblicano in questa rivista accettano i seguenti termini:
- Gli autori conservano il diritto d'autore e concedono alla rivista il diritto di prima pubblicazione, con l'opera contemporaneamente concessa in licenza ai sensi del Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC quello che consente la condivisione dell'opera con riconoscimento della paternità dell'opera e prima pubblicazione in questa rivista.
- Gli autori sono autorizzati a stipulare separatamente ulteriori contratti, per la distribuzione non esclusiva della versione dell'opera pubblicata su questa rivista (es. pubblicazione in un repository istituzionale o come capitolo di libro), con riconoscimento della paternità e prima pubblicazione in questa rivista .
- Gli autori sono autorizzati e incoraggiati a pubblicare e distribuire il proprio lavoro online (ad es. in archivi istituzionali o sulla propria pagina personale) in qualsiasi momento prima o durante il processo editoriale, in quanto ciò può generare cambiamenti produttivi nonché aumentare l'impatto e la citazione del pubblicato lavoro (Vedi O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
