Fútbol e identidad nacional: el ejemplo de la participación de las Súper Águilas de Nigeria en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2018

  • Timothy Anyanwu Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
  • Kelechi Ani Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Nigéria.
Palabras clave: Fútbol, Súper Águilas de Nigeria, Disturbios secesionistas, Identidad nacional y Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2018

Resumen

El 14 de junio de 2018 comenzó la Copa Mundial de la FIFA en Rusia. Afortunadamente, Nigeria se clasificó para la competición y contó con jugadores de diferentes nacionalidades étnicas para jugar en el equipo nacional, las Super Eagles. El torneo vivió un período de gran tensión provocado por los disturbios separatistas, bajo el liderazgo de Nnamdi Kanu, del Pueblo Indígena de Biafra (IPOB). Los disturbios fueron tales que muchos igbo que vivían en la parte norte del país (dominado por el grupo étnico hausa-fulani) fueron invitados a regresar a Igbolandia. Asimismo, los norteños de Igboland enfrentaron varias amenazas. Pero una vez que comenzó la Copa del Mundo, hubo un cambio respecto del status quo-ante a medida que se restó importancia a los apéndices étnicos. Este artículo se basa en el método de la historia oral, publicaciones en redes sociales e investigaciones etnográficas para argumentar que la aplicación del fútbol es una herramienta potente para la cohesión nacional. El estudio no niega que el citado espíritu nacional tuvo corta vida; en cambio, sostuvo que lo mismo podría explotarse en intentos de construcción de una nación. Por tanto, el estudio recomendaba una aplicación bien planificada del fútbol en las cuestiones nacionales.

Citas

-Akindutire, I.O. The Historical Development of Soccer in Nigeria: An Appraisal of its Emerging Prospects. Canadian Journal of the History of Sport. Vol. 22. Num. 1. 1991. p. 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.22.1.20

-Akyeampong, E.; Ambler, C. Leisure in African History: An Introduction. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Vol. 35. Num. 1. 2002. p. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2307/3097363

-Aliguechi, A.M.; Frimeche, M. Football and Regime’s Legitimacy in Algeria. Algerian Journal of Human and Social Sciences. Vol. 6. Num. 2. 2022. p. 339-354. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/579/6/2/211098

-Amadasun, O. History of Soccer in Africa. Lagos: Times Books. 1994.

-Ameh, E. UPDATED: Nnamdi Kanu re-arrested, returned to Nigeria – Malami. 2021. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/470566-updated-nnamdi-kanu-re-arrested-returned-to-nigeria-malami.html?tztc=1. Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-Ani, K.J.; Anyanwu, T.C. Football, racism and peacebuilding in colonial Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of Futsal and Football. Vol. 15. Num. 62. 2023. p. 189-199. http://www.rbff.com.br/index.php/rbff/article/view/1340/1035

-Anyanwu, T.C. Ethno Religious Conflicts and Nation Building in Nigeria. Journal of Nation-building & Policy Studies. Vol. 3. Num. 1. 2019. p. 61-74. https://www.proquest.com/indexingvolumeissuelinkhandler/4529098/Journal+of+Nation-Building+and+Policy+Studies/02019Y06Y01$23Jun+2019$3b++Vol.+3+$281$29/3/1;jsessionid=C782C06B34F99A7B00DD953E96B38B4D.i-089ef348911973749. Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-Are, J. UK asks Nigeria to explain how Nnamdi Kanu was arrested. 2021. https://www.thecable.ng/uk-asks-nigeria-to-explain-how-nnamdi-kanu-was-arrested. Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-Bimpe, P. History of Nigeria Football Federation. 2020. https://www.sports247.ng/history-of-nigeria-football-federation-2/. Retrieved 16/07/2023.

-Bingham, A. Reading Newspapers: Cultural Histories of the Popular Press in Modern Britain’, History Compass. Vol. 10. Num. 2. 2012. p. 140-150.

-Boer, J.H. Nigeria’s Decades of Blood, 1980-2002. Ontario: Essence Publishing. 2003.

-Boer, W. A Story of Heroes and Epics: The History of Football in Nigeria. Ibadan: Bookcraft. 2018.

-Busari, S.; Nimi P. Nigerian separatist leader brought back to Nigeria to face trial. 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/29/africa/nnamdi-kanu-arrested-nigeria-intl/index.html. Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-Dionisio, P.; Leal, C.; Moutinho, L. Fandom affiliation and tribal behaviour: A sports marketing application.’Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. Vol. 11. Num. 1. 2008. p. 17-39.

-Fair, L. Kicking’ It: Leisure, Politics and Football in Colonial Zanzibar, 1900s-1950s. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. Vol. 67. Num. 2. 1997. p. 224-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1161443

-FIFA. InsideFIFA. https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation. 2023. Retrieved 20 July, 2023.

-Giulianotti, R. Supporters, followers, fans, and flaneurs: A Taxonomy of spectator identities in football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Vol. 26. Num. 1. 2002. p. 25-46.

-Gooding, P. Historic Newspapers in the Digital Age: Search All About It!. London: Routledge. 2016.

-Historyville. A History of Nigerian football: From Red Devils to Super Eagles. https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigerian-football/. 2022. Retrieved 17/07/2023.

-Hobsbawm, E. Introduction: Inventing Traditions.’ In E. Hobsbawm and R. Terence (Eds.) The Invention of Tradition. 1-14. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1992.

-Hough, P. Make Goals Not War: The contribution of international football to world peace. International Journal of the History of Sport. Vol. 25. Num. 10. 2008. p. 1287 - 1305.

-Jacob, U.H.; Nwobi, I.O.; Igboji, C.D. The Biafran State & the Rise of IPOB: A Crack on Nigeria’s National Integration. Social Sciences. Vol. 9. Num. 1. 2020. p. 40-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20200901.15.

-Klugman, M. Loves, suffering and identification: The passions of Australian football league fans.’ The International Journal of the History of Sport. Vol. 26. Num. 1. 2009. p. 21-44.

-Loy, J.W.; Mcpherson, B.D.; Kenyon, G. Sport and Social Systems: A Guide to the Analysis, Problems, and Literature. Reading, MA: Addison, Wesley Publishing Company. 1978.

-Martin, P. Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002.

-Mcpherson, K.; Brooke, S. Global Football: Introduction. Histoire sociale / Social History. Vol. 45. Num. 90. 2012. p. 217-219. https://doi.org/10.1353/his.2012.0033

-Mvutsebanka, C. Football in Burundi is a Tool for reconciliation and Political Legitimacy. Africa at LSE. 2020.

-Nigerian Daily Times, The (1933). 27/07/1933. p. 6.

-Nwanze, C. A brief history of Nigeria’s Super Eagles. 2014. https://africasacountry.com/2014/06/a-brief-history-of-nigerias-super-eagles. Retrieved 17/07/2023.

-Ojukwu, E.O. Because I am Involved. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. 1989.

-Orjinmo, N. Nnamdi Kanu's arrest leaves Nigeria's IPOB separatists in disarray. 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57693863. Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-School Software Pro. Nigerian football history. 2022. https://www.schoolsoftware.com.ng/nigerian-football-history/. Retrieved 16/07/2023.

-Sherif, M.; Harvey, O.L.; White, B.L.; Hood, W.R.; Sherif, C.W. Inter-group cooperation and competition: The Robber's Cave experiment. Norman, OK: University Book Exchange. 1961.

-Tajfel, H.; Turner, J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. 1979.

-Tajfel, H. La categorisation sociale (English translation). In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Introduction a la psychologie sociale. Paris, France: Larouse. 1972.

-The Nation Newspaper, The Biafra Zionist Movement. 2012. ’ https://thenationonlineng.net/the-biafra-zionist-movement/ Retrieved 20/07/2023.

-The Nigerian Pioneer, The (1933). 8 December, p. 8.

-The Nigerian Tribune. The History of Football in Nigeria. 2021. https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-history-of-football-in-nigeria/. Retrieved 17/07/2023.

-Turner, J.C. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Eds.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 15-40). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1982.

-West African Pilot, The (1953). 13 April. p.4.

Publicado
2024-07-30
Cómo citar
Anyanwu, T., & Ani, K. (2024). Fútbol e identidad nacional: el ejemplo de la participación de las Súper Águilas de Nigeria en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2018. RBFF - Revista Brasileña De Fútbol Sala Y Fútbol, 16(65), 323-337. Recuperado a partir de https://www.rbff.com.br/index.php/rbff/article/view/1437
Sección
Artículos Científicos - Originales