Performance analysis of professional football players kicking penalties, previously emotionally stimulated: the use of the eye tracker as a tool in football
Abstract
Nowadays it is known that it is impossible to disassociate the body from the mind. Is in the brain, where there is still a possibility of achieving performance gains and effectiveness in sports, a subtle difference that can mean success. Highlights are the penalty shootouts that have been defining competitions. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of professional football players kicking penalties, previously emotionally stimulated before the kick action, using both the psychophysiological responses of the eye tracking (Eye Tracker) seeking differences in profiles and standards of effectiveness and convertibility of the penalties in goals. Few studies have combined motor physical actions with psychophysiological variables and emotional stimuli. Confirmation of the empirical and qualitative results allows us to accept both study’s hypotheses: Visual behavior makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of converting the penalties into goals and the previous stimulation of the mirror neurons provides an increase in the convertibility of the penalties. The experiment was done with two groups of 20 professional football players from the base categories of team x. The study contributed to an empirical academic depth, which showed the possibility of using new methodologies and a practical contribution to the improvement of training methods.
References
-Bardin, L. Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa, Portugal. Edições 70. 2009.
-Carlos, L. C. Análise Comparativa de Escores em Cobranças de Pênalti Entre Situações de Final de Jogo e as Demais Situações no Futebol de Campo: Colaborações da Psicologia do Esporte. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Bacharelado em Educação Física. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho.Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro. 2012.
-Carver, C.S.; White, T.L. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation and affective responses to impeding reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scale; Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 67. p. 319-333. 1994.
-Causer, J.; Bennett, S. J.; Holmes, P. S.; Janelle, C. M.; Williams, A. M. Quiet eye duration and gun motion in elite shotgun shooting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Vol. 42. Num. 8. p. 1599-1608. 2010.
-Cavalheiro E., A nova convergência da ciência e da tecnologia. Novos Estudos. Vol. 78. p. 23-30. 2007. Doi: 10.1590/S0101-33002007000200004
-Cruz, J; Viana, M. Treino de imaginação e visualização mental. In Cruz, J. (Ed).Manual de Psicologia do Desporto. p.627-648. Braga.Sistemas Humanos e Organizacionais. 1996.
-Driskell, J. E.; Copper, C.; Moran, A. Does mental practice improve performance? Journal of Applied Psychology. Num. 79. p. 481-492. 1994.
-Evans, L; Jones, L.; Mullen R. An imagery intervention during the competitive season with an elite rugby union player. The Sport Psychologist. Num. 18. p. 252-271.2004.
-Eysenck M. W.; Derakshan N.; Santos R.; Calvo M. G.Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion. Num. 7. p. 336-353. 2007.
-Fadiga, L.; Buccino, G; Craighero, L.; Fogassi, L.; Gállese, V; Pavesi, G. Corticospinal excitability is specifically modulated by motor imagery: a magnetic stimulation study. Neuropsychologia. Num. 37. p. 147-158. 1999.
-Figner, B.; Murphy, R. O. Using skin conductance in judgment and decision making research. In M. Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A. Kuehberger, & R. Ranyard (Eds.), A handbook of process tracing methods for decision research. p. 163-184. 2011.
-FIFA, Federation Internationale de Football Association. O primeiro pênalti da história, 2018. Disponível em: <http://pt.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1714967/index.html> Acesso em: 10/06/2018.
-Furley, P.; Dicks, M.; Stendtke, F.; Memmert, D. Get it out the way. The wait’s killing me, hastening and hiding during soccer penalty kicks. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Vol. 13. Num. 4. p. 454-465. 2012.
-Gray, J. A. The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behavior Research and Therapy. Num. 8. p. 249-266.1970.
-Gray, J. A. Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: a commentary. Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 21. Num. 4. p. 493-509. 1987.
-Gregg, M., Nederhof, E.; Hall, C. The imagery ability, imagery use and performance relationship. The Sport Psychologist. Num. 19. p. 93-99. 2005.
-Gog, T., Paas, F., Marcus, N., Ayres, P.; Sweller, J. The Mirror Neuron System and Observational Learning: Implications for the Effectiveness of Dynamic Visualizations. Educational Psychology Review. Num. 21. p. 21-30. 2009.
-Goldberg, J.H.; Kotval, X.P. Eye movement-based evaluation of the computer interface. In: S.K. Kumar (Ed.). Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Amsterdam: ISO Press. 1998. p. 529-532.
-Hair, J.F.; Black, W.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E.; Tatham, R.L. Análise Multivariada de Dados.6ªedição. Porto Alegre.Bookman. 2009. p. 688.
-Holmes, R.; Collins, D. Functional equivalence solutions for problems with motor imagery. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology. London.Thomson. 2002. p. 120-140.
-Jacob, R.; Karn, K. The mind's eye, Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research. Commentary on Section 4: Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. North-Holland. 2003.
-Jordet, G. Why do English players fail in soccer penalty shootouts? A study of team status, self-regulation, and choking under pressure. Journal of Sports Sciences. Num. 27. p. 97-106. 2009.
-Jordet, G.; Elferink-Gemser, M. T. Stress, coping, and emotions on the world stage: The experience of participating in a major soccer tournament penalty shootout. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Num. 24. p. 73-91. 2012.
-Jordet,G.; Hartman E.; Visscher, C.; Lemmink, K.A. Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: the roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes, Journal of Sports Science. Vol. 15; 25. Num. 2. p. 121-129. 2007. Doi: 10.1080/02640410600624020.
-Jordet, G.; Hartman, E.; Sigmundstad, E., Temporal Links to Performing Under Pressure in International Soccer Penalty Shootouts, Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Vol. 10. Num. 6. p. 621-627. 2009.
-Kim, S.; Lee, S.; Gaze Behaviourof Elite Soccer Goalkeeper in Successful Penalty Kick Defense, International Journal of Applied Sports Science. Vol. 18. Num. 1. p. 96-110. 2006.
-Mattos, P.; Serra-Pinheiro, M.A.; Rohde, L.A; Pinto, D. Apresentação de uma apresentação de uma versão em português para uso no Brasil do instrumento de MTA-SNAP-IV de avaliação de sintomas de transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e sintomas de transtorno desafiador e de oposição. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul. Vol. 28. Num. 3. p. 290-297. 2006.
-Memmert, D.; Hüttermann, S.; Hagemann, N.; Loffing, F.; Strauss, B. Dueling in the penalty box: Evidence-based recommendations on how shooters and goalkeepers can win penalty shootouts in soccer. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Vol. 6. Num. 1. p. 209-229. 2013.
-Murphy, S., Nordin, S. M.; Cumming, J. Imageiy in sport, exercise and dance. In T. Hom (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology. Champagne, IL.Human Kinetics.3rd edition. 2008. p. 297-324.
-Passos, P.; Araújo, D. Treino Psicológico: Imaginação como uma capacidade poderosa. Treino Desportivo. Num. 7. p. 30-38. 1999.
-Piras, A.; Vickers, J. N. The effect of fixation transitions on quiet eye duration and performance in the soccer penalty kick: Instep versus inside kicks. Cognitive Processing. Vol. 12. Num. 3. p. 245-255. 2011. Doi:10.1007/s10339-011-0406-
-Rainer, K.; Pollatsek, A. The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.
-Ramachandran, V.S. MirrorNeurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind "the great leap forward" in human evolution, Edge Foundation, 2000. Disponível em . Acesso em 21/10/2018.
-Redish, A. D.; Mizumori, S. J. Y. Memory and decision making. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Num. 117. p. 1-3. 2015.
-Rizzolatti, G.; Craighero, L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience. Vol. 27. 2004. p. 169-192.
-Shaw, S.D.; Bagozzi, R P. The neuropsychology of consumer behaviour and marketing, Sociological Consumer Psychology. Num. 1.p. 22-40. 2018. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1002/arcp.1006>
-Smith, D.; Wright, C.; Allsopp, A.: Westhead, H., It's All in the Mind: PETTLEP based Imagery and Sports Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Num. 19. p. 80-92. 2007.
-Tani, G.; Freudenheim, A. M.; Júnior, C. M.; Côrrea, U. C. Aprendizagem Motora: tendências, perspectivas e aplicações. Revista Paulista de Educação Física de São Paulo. Num. 18. p. 55-72. 2004.
-Tamorri, S. Neurociências y deporte: psicologia deportiva, procesos mentales del atleta. Barcelona: Editorial Paidotribo, 2004.
-Timmis, M. A.; Turner, K.; Paridon, K. N., Visual Search Strategies of Soccer Players Executing a Power vs. Placement Penalty Kick.PLoS ONE. Vol. 9. Num. 12. p. 1-16. 2014.
-Tobii, Studio User’s Manual Version 3.4.5 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.tobiipro.com/siteassets/tobii-pro/user-manuals/tobii-pro-studio-user-manual.pdf>. Acesso em 15/12/2018
-Vickers, J. N. Gaze control in putting. Perception. Vol. 21. Num. 1. p. 117-132. 1992. Doi: 10.1068/p210117
-Vine S.J.; Wilson M.R. Quiet eye training: effects on learning and performance under pressure. J Appl Sport Psychol. Num. 22. p. 361-376. 2010.
-Wood, G.; Wilson, M. R. Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks. Cognitive Processing. 12. p. 257-266. 2011.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
