The influence of physical activity and sports about growth and maturation
Abstract
The aim of this work was related to the influence of physical activity and sport in the growth and maturation. Physical activity and sports are shown as factors that interfere with bone development, since the bone mineral density is altered by endogenous and exogenous factors. The GH and IGF-I exert metabolic effects in the short and long term that are potentially important during physical activity (lipolysis, protein synthesis, musculoskeletal adaptations, changes in strength etc). The practiced of physical activity is recommended because of the possibility of enhancing peak of bone mass. Thus, the increase in lean body mass is the most important predictor for the accumulation of bone mineral mass during growth. The genetic potential for growth can be fully expressed only under favorable environmental conditions; it is known that moderate physical activity has beneficial effects on growth. In this manner, physical activity must have its volume controlled, since it must be taken into account information about the type of activity to be performed, interval etc, because if there is a threshold between time and type of practice with maturation this is highly individual. The physical activity should be encouraged, since there is a positive relationship with growth and bone density. However, new investigations should be carried out to check the relationship between different types of practice, volume and intensity of training with the maturation, growth and human development.
References
-Alves, C.; Lima, R. V. B. Impacto da atividade física e esportes sobre o crescimento e puberdade de crianças e adolescentes. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. Vol. 26. Num. 4. p. 383-291. 2008.
-Borba, V.Z.C.; Kulak, C.A.M.; Lazzaretti-Castro, M. Controle neuroendócrino da massa óssea: mito ou verdade? Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. Vol. 47. p. 453-4577. 2003.
-Broderick, C. R.; Winter, G. J.; Allan, R. M. Sport for special groups. The Medical Journal of Australia. Vol. 184. Num. 6. p. 297-302. 2006.
-Carvalho, H. M.; Coelho-e-Silva, M. J.; Gonçalves, C. E.; Philippaerts, R. M.; Castagna, C.; Malina, R. M. Age-related variation of anaerobic power after controlling for size and maturation in adolescent basketball players. Annals of Human Biology. Vol. 38. Num. 6. p. 721-727. 2011.
-Cumming, S. P.; Standage, M.; Gillison, F. B.; Dompier, T.; Malina, R. M. Biological maturity status, body size, andexercise behaviour in British youth: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 27. Num. 7. p. 677-686. 2009.
-Cumming, S. P.; Sherar, L. B.; Gammon, C.; Standage, M.; Malina, R. M. Physical Activity and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescence: A Comparison of Girls at the Extremes of the Biological Maturation Continuum. Journal of Research on Adolescence. Vol. 22. Num. 4. p. 746-757. 2012.
-Georgopoulos, N.A.; Roupas, N.D.; Theodoropoulou, A.; Tsekouras, A.; Vagenakis, A.G.; Markou, K.B. The influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal development in athletes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 1205. p. 39-44. 2010.
-Hosick, P. A.; McMurray, R. G.; Hackney, A. C.; Battaglini, C. L.; Combs, T. P.; Harrell, J. S. Differences in the GH-IGF-I axis in children of different weight and fitness status. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. Vol. 22. p. 87-91. 2012.
-Jackson, L.; Cumming, S. P.; Drenowatz, C.; Standage, M.; Sherar, L. B.; Malina, R. M. Biological maturation and physical activity in adolescent British females: The roles of physical self-concept and perceived parental support. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Vol. 14. p. 447-454. 2013.
-Komori, T. Regulation of bone development and extracellular matrix protein genes by RUNX2. Cell and Tissue Research. Vol. 339. p. 189-195. 2010.
-Lima, F.; De Falco, V.; Baima, J.; Carazzato, J. G.; Pereira, R. M. Effect of impact load and active load on bone metabolism and body composition of adolescent athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 33. Num. 8. p. 1318-1323. 2001.
-Malina, R. M.; Baxter-Jones, A. D. G.; Armstrong, N.; Beunen, G. P.; Caine, D.; Daly, R. M.; Lewis, R. D.; Rogol, A. D.; Russell, K. Role of Intensive Training in the Growth and Maturation of Artistic Gymnasts. Sports Medicine. Vol. 48. Num. 7. p. 1-20. 2013.
-McCarty, R.; Xian, C. J.; Gronthos, S.; Zannettino, A. C. W.; Foster, B. K. Application of Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to an Ovine Model of Growth Plate Cartilage Injury. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. Vol. 4. p. 204-210. 2010.
-Mirtz, T. A.; Chandler, J. P.; Eyers, C. M. The Effects of Physical Activity on the Epiphyseal Growth Plates: A Review of the Literature on Normal Physiology and Clinical Implications.Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. Vol. 3. Num. 1. p.1-7. 2011.
-Parfitt, A. M. Genetic effects on bone mass and turnover relevance to black/white differences. Journal of American College Nutrition. Vol. 16. Num. 4. p. 325-333. 1997.
-Sherar, L. B.; Cumming, S. P.; Eisenmann, J. C.; Baxter-Jones; A. D. G.; Malina, R. M. Adolescent biological maturity and physical activity: Biology meets behaviour. Pediatric Exercise Science. Vol. 22. p. 332-349. 2010.
-Silva, C. C.; Goldberg, T. B. L.; Teixeira, A. S.; Marques, I. O exercício físico potencializa ou compromete o crescimento longitudinal de crianças e adolescentes? Mito ou verdade? Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 10. Num. 6. p. 520-524. 2004.
-Stokes, K. Growth hormone responses to sub-maximal and sprint exercise. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. Vol. 13. p. 225-238. 2003.
-Vicente-Rodríguez, G. How does exercise affect bone development during growth? Sports Medicine. Vol. 36. Num. 7. p. 561-569. 2006.
-Widdowson, W. M.; Healy, M.; Sönksen, P. H.; Gibney, J. The physiology of growth hormone and sport. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. Vol. 19. p. 308-319. 2009.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).